Serious pneumococcal infections are a major global health problem and are vaccine-preventable.

Serious pneumococcal infections are a major global health problem and are vaccine-preventable.
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Publications

This is a list of key reports and scientific papers about pneumoccocal disease and vaccines.

 
WHO Position Paper, Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine for Childhood Immunization.

WER 2007 Mar 23; 82(12):83-104.

GACVS Report on Safety of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

WER 2007 Jan 19; 82 (3):17-24.

UNICEF/WHO Report, Pneumonia: The Forgotten Killer of Children, 2006.

APPG Report, Improving Global Health by Preventing Pneumococcal Disease.
Improving Global Health by Preventing Pneumococcal Disease PDF


  1. Pneumococcal Disease Burden
  2. Serotype Distribution
  3. Pneumococcal Vaccine Efficacy Studies
  4. Routine PCV: Health Impacts
  5. Cost Effectiveness and Economic Impacts of PCV
  6. Indirect Effects (Herd Immunity, Replacement Disease)
  7. Immunogenicity
  1. Pneumococcal Disease Burden
    1. Brooks WA, et al. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Burden and Implications for Vaccine Policy in Urban Bangladesh.Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Nov;77(5):795-801.
    2. Madhi SA, Klugman KP. World Health Organisation Definition of "Radiologically-Confirmed Pneumonia" May Under-Estimate the True Public Health Value of Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccines.Vaccine. 2007 Mar 22;25(13):2413-9. Epub 2006 Sep 18.
    3. Scott JA. The Preventable Burden of Pneumococcal Disease in the Developing World.Vaccine 2007 Mar 22; 25(13): 2398-405.
    4. Hausdorff WP, et al. The Epidemiology of Pneumococcal, Meningococcal, and Haemophilus Disease in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region—Current Status and Needs.Vaccine 2007 Mar 1; 25(11): 1935-44.
    5. Obaro SK, Madhi SA. Bacterial Pneumonia Vaccines and Childhood Pneumonia: Are We Winning, Refining, or Redefining?Lancet Infectious Disease March 2006; 5(3): 150-161.
    6. Parent Du Chatelet, I. Bacterial Meningitis in Burkina Faso: Surveillance using Field-Based Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing.Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jan 1;40(1):17-25.
    7. Rudan I, et al. Global Estimate of the Incidence of Clinical Pneumonia among Children Under Five Years of Age.Bull World Health Organ. Dec 2004; 82(12): 895-903.
    8. Campbell JD, et al. Invasive Pneumococcal Infections among Hospitalized Children in Bamako, Mali.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004 Jul;23(7):642-9.
    9. Mulholland K. Global Burden of Acute Respiratory Infections in Children: Implications for Interventions.Ped. Pulmon. Nov 2003; 36(6):469-474.
    10. Williams BG, et al. Estimates of World-Wide Distribution of Child Deaths from Acute Respiratory Infections.Lancet Infectious Disease Jan 2002; 2(1): 25-32.
    11. Goetghebuer T, et al. Outcome of Meningitis Caused by Streptococcus Pneumoniae and Haemophilus Influenzae Type B in Children in The Gambia.Trop Med Int Health. 2000 Mar;5(3):207-13.
    12. Prospective Multicentre Hospital Surveillance of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Disease in India. Invasive Bacterial Infection Surveillance (IBIS) Group, International Clinical Epidemiology Network (INCLEN).Lancet. 1999 Apr 10;353(9160):1216-21.
  2. Serotype Distribution
    1. Hwa Choi E, et al. Streptococcus Pneumoniae Serotype 19A in Children, South Korea.Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 Feb;14(2):275-81.
    2. Hausdorff WP. The Roles of Pneumococcal Serotypes 1 and 5 in Paediatric Invasive Disease. Vaccine.2007 Mar 22;25(13):2406-12.
    3. Phongsamart W, et al. Serotype Distribution and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of S. Pneumoniae Causing Invasive Disease in Thai Children Younger than 5 Years Old, 2000-2005.Vaccine. 2007 Jan 26;25(7):1275-80.
    4. Leimkugel J, et al. An Outbreak of Serotype 1 Streptococcus Pneumoniae Meningitis in Northern Ghana with Features that are Characteristic of Neisseria Meningitidis Meningitis Epidemics.J Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 15;192(2):192-9.
    5. Hausdorff WP, et al. Epidemiological Differences among Pneumococcal Serotypes.Lancet Infect Dis. 2005 Feb;5(2):83-93.
    6. Hausdorff WP. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Children: Geographic and Temporal Variations in Incidence and Serotype Distribution.Eur J Pediatr. 2002 Dec;161 Suppl 2:S135-9.
    7. Hausdorff WP, et al. Multinational Study of Pneumococcal Serotypes Causing Acute Otitis Media in Children.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002 Nov;21(11):1008-16.
    8. Di Fabio JL, et al. Evolution of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Serotypes and Penicillin Susceptibility in Latin America, Sireva-Vigía Group, 1993 to 1999.PAHO Sireva-Vigía Study Group. Pan American Health Organization. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001 Oct;20(10):959-67.(Available in Spanish)
    9. Hausdorf WP, et al. Geographical Differences in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Rates and Serotype Frequency in Young Children.Lancet. 2001 Mar 24;357(9260):950-2.
    10. Hausdorff WP et al. Which Pneumococcal Serogroups Cause the Most Invasive Disease: Implications for Conjugate Vaccine Formulation and Use, part I.Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Jan;30(1):100-21.
    11. Hausdorff WP, et al. The Contribution of Specific Pneumococcal Serogroups to Different Disease Manifestations: Implications for Conjugate Vaccine Formulation and Use, part II.Clin Infect Dis. 2000 Jan;30(1):122-40.
  3. Pneumococcal Vaccine Efficacy Studies
    1. O’Brien KL, et al. Randomized, Controlled Trial Efficacy of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine against Otitis Media among Navajo and White Mountain Apache Infants.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008 Jan;27(1):71-3.
    2. Williams C, Masterton R. Pneumococcal Immunisation in the 21st Century.J Infect. 2008 Jan;56(1):13-9.
    3. Oosterhuis-Kafeja F, Beutels P, Van Damme P. Immunogenicity, Efficacy, Safety and Effectiveness of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (1998-2006).Vaccine. 2007 Mar 8;25(12):2194-212.
    4. Hansen J, et al. Effectiveness of Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Children Younger than 5 Years of Age for Prevention of Pneumonia: Updated Analysis using World Health Organization Standardized Interpretation of Chest Radiographs.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 Sep;25(9):779-81.
    5. Prymula R, et al. Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharides Conjugated to Protein D for Prevention of Acute Otitis Media Caused by both Streptococcus Pneumoniae and Non-Typable Haemophilus Influenzae: a Randomised Double-Blind Efficacy Study.Lancet. 2006 Mar 4;367(9512):740-8.
    6. Madhi SA, et al. The Impact of a 9-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on the Public Health Burden of Pneumonia in HIV-Infected and -Uninfected Children.Clin Infect Dis. 2005 May 15;40(10):1511-8.
    7. Cutts FT, et al. Efficacy of Nine-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine against Pneumonia and Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in The Gambia: Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.Lancet. 2005 Mar 26-Apr 1;365(9465):1139-46.
    8. Klugman KP, et al. A Trial of a 9-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Children with and Those without HIV Infection.N Engl J Med. 2003 Oct 2;349(14):1341-8.
    9. O’Brien KL, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Seven-Valent Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccine in American Indian children: Group Randomised Trial.Lancet. 2003 Aug 2;362(9381):355-61.
    10. Black S,, Shinefield H. Safety and Efficacy of the Seven-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine: Evidence from Northern California.Eur J Pediatr. 2002 Dec;161 Suppl 2:S127-31.
    11. Klugman KP. Efficacy of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines and Their Effect on Carriage and Antimicrobial Resistance.Lancet Infect. Dis. Sept 2001; 1:85-91.
    12. Eskola J, et al. Efficacy of a Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine against Acute Otitis Media.N Engl J Med. Feb 2001; 344 (6):403-9.
    13. Shinefield HR, Black,S. Efficacy of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines in Large Scale Field Trials.Ped. Infect. Dis. J. April 2000; 19(4):394-7.
  4. Routine PCV: Health Impacts
    1. CDC. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Children 5 Years After Conjugate Vaccine Introduction --- Eight States, 1998—2005.MMWR; February 15, 2008 / 57(06);144-148.
    2. Black S, et al. Surveillance for Invasive Pneumococcal Disease during 2000-2005 in a Population of Children Who Received 7-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007 Sep;26(9):771-7.
    3. Albrich WC, et al. Changing Characteristics of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia, after Introduction of a 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine.Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Jun 15;44(12):1569-76.
    4. Grijalva CG, et al. Decline in Pneumonia Admissions after Routine Childhood Immunisation with Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in the USA: a Time-Series Analysis.Lancet. 2007 Apr 7;369(9568):1179-86.
    5. Hennessy TW, et al. Impact of Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Invasive Disease, Antimicrobial Resistance and Colonization in Alaska Natives: Progress towards Elimination of a Health Disparity.Vaccine. 2005 Dec 1;23(48-49):5464-73.
    6. Pai R et al. Postvaccine Genetic Structure of Streptococcus Pneumoniae 19A from Children in the United States.Dec 2005; 192 (11):1988-95.
    7. Kellner JD,et al. Progress in the Prevention of Pneumococcal Infection.CMAJ. 2005 Nov 8;173(10):1149-51.
    8. Lexau CA, et al. Changing Epidemiology of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease among Older Adults in the Era of Pediatric Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine.JAMA. 2005 Oct 26;294(16):2043-51.
    9. CDC. Direct and Indirect Effects of Routine Vaccination of Children with 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Incidence of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease --- United States, 1998—2003.September 16, 2005 / 54(36);893-897.
    10. Black S et al. Postlicensure Surveillance for Pneumococcal Invasive Disease after use of Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Northern California Kaiser Permanente.Ped. Infect. Dis. J. June 2004; 23(6):485-9.
    11. Flannery B, et al. Impact of Childhood Vaccination on Racial Disparities in Invasive Streptococcus Pneumoniae Infections.JAMA. 2004 May 12;291(18):2197-203.
    12. Whitney CG, et al. Decline in Invasive Pneumococcal Disease after the Introduction of Protein-Polysaccharide Conjugate Vaccine.N Engl J Med. 2003 May 1;348(18):1737-46.
  5. Cost Effectiveness and Economic Impacts of PCV
    1. Isaacman DJ, et al. The Impact of Indirect (Herd) Protection on the Cost-Effectiveness of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine.Clin Ther. 2008 Feb;30(2):341-57.
    2. Zhou F, et al. Health Care Utilization for Pneumonia in Young Children after Routine Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine use in the United States.Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007 Dec;161(12):1162-8.
    3. Hubben GA, et al. Enhanced Decision Support for Policy Makers using a Web Interface to Health-Economic Models--Illustrated with a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Nation-Wide Infant Vaccination with the 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in the Netherlands.Vaccine. 2007 May 4;25(18):3669-78.
    4. Beutels P, Thiry N, Van Damme P. Convincing or Confusing? Economic Evaluations of Childhood Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination--a Review (2002-2006).Vaccine. 2007 Feb 9;25(8):1355-67.
    5. Sinha A, et al. Cost-Effectiveness of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination in the Prevention of Child Mortality: an International Economic Analysis.Lancet. 2007 Feb 3;369(9559):389-96.
  6. Indirect Effects (Herd Immunity, Replacement Disease)
    1. Hicks LA et al. Incidence of Pneumococcal Disease due to Non-Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV7) Serotypes in the United States during the Era of Widespread PCV7 Vaccination, 1998-2004.J Infect Dis. 2007 Nov 1;196(9):1346-54.
    2. Singleton RJ, et al. Invasive Pneumococcal Disease Caused by Nonvaccine Serotypes among Alaska Native Children with High Levels of 7-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Coverage.JAMA. 2007 Apr 25;297(16):1784-92.(Note: PneumoADIP Comment on this paper is available online: click here.)
    3. O’Brien KL, Dagan R. The Potential Indirect Effect of Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccines.Vaccine. May 2003; 3661:1-11.
  7. Immunogenicity
    1. Bliss, SJ, et al. The Evidence for Using Conjugate Vaccines to Protect HIV-Infected Children against Pneumococcal Disease.Lancet Infect Dis. 2008 Jan;8(1):67-80.
    2. O’Brien KL, et al. Effect of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Nasopharyngeal Colonization among Immunized and Unimmunized Children in a Community-Randomized Trial.J Infect Dis. 2007 Oct 15;196(8):1211-20.
    3. Madhi SA, et al. Long-Term Immunogenicity and Efficacy of a 9-Valent Conjugate Pneumococcal Vaccine in Human Immunodeficient Virus Infected and Non-Infected Children in the Absence of a Booster Dose of Vaccine.Vaccine. 2007 Mar 22;25(13):2451-7. Epub 2006 Sep 20.
    4. Madhi SA, et al. Quantitative and Qualitative Antibody Response to Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine among African Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected and Uninfected Children.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005 May;24(5):410-6.
    5. Huebner RE, et al. Long-Term Antibody Levels and Booster Responses in South African Children Immunized with Nonavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine.Vaccine. 2004; 22:2696-2700.
    6. Capeding MZ, et al. Safety and Immunogenicity of Three Doses of an Eleven-Valent Diphtheria Toxoid and Tetanus Protein--Conjugated Pneumococcal Vaccine in Filipino Infants.BMC Infect Dis. 2003 Aug 10; 3:17.
    7. Heubner RE, et al. Immunogenicity after One, Two or Three Doses and Impact on the Antibody Response to Coadministered Antigens of a Nonavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Infants of Soweto, South Africa.Ped. Infect. Dis. J. Nov 2002; 21(11):1004-7.
    8. Eskola, J. Immunogenicity of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines.Ped. Infect. Dis. J. April 2000; 19(4):388-93.
    9. Shinefield HR, et al. Safety and Immunogenicity of Heptavalent Pneumococcal CRM197 Conjugate Vaccine in Infants and Toddlers.Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999 Sep;18(9):757-63.
© PneumoADIP 2008
The Pneumococcal vaccines Accelerated Development and Introduction Plan is based
at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and is funded by GAVI Alliance.